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Amanollah Khan Zia' os-Soltan (also Amanollah Khan Donboli "Nazer ol-Ayaleh" "Zia' os-Soltan") was an Iranian aristocrat and politician at Qajar court during the time of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah, Mohammad Ali Shah and Ahmad Shah Qajar and hero of the Persian Constitutional Revolution. ==Family Background== Amanollah Khan was born 1863 at Tabriz, died on 11 February 1931 by cancer in Hamburg when on a visit to see medical specialists, and was buried there at the Iranian-Muslim department of Ohlsdorf Cemetery. He was the son of Safar Khan from the Donboli family, who ruled as hereditary Khans the cities of Tabriz and Khoy. A wealthy big landowner Amanollah Khan held possession of half the city of Tabriz and large landed properties at Alamdar in the Iranian province of Azerbaijan (Iran). This was also the reason he was sometimes called ''Tabrizi'' (meaning "from Tabriz"), because family names were unknown in Iran of that time. Later Mozaffar ad-Din Shah gave him the noble title "Zia' os-Soltan" (lit. "Splendour of the Sovereign") for his merits in affairs of state, by which he became popular. Firstly he married in 1897 Princess Shazdeh Khanom Malekeh-Afagh Bahman-Qajar, daughter of Prince Bahman Mirza Qajar, by whom he got his two children, the princes Nosrat ol-Molouk Khanom Bahman and Abol Qassem Bahman. After her death in 1923 he married secondly a rich landlady from Damghan, Turkan Aqa Khanom but without any issue.〔Private Interview with Keywan Zarrinkafsch, Hamburg 2000.〕 ==Career== In the time when Crown Prince Mozaffar ad-Din Mirza was heir apparent of Persia and had his seat of power in Tabriz, Amanollah Khan held the administrative post of ''Nazer ol-Ayaleh'' (lit. "Warden of the Province"). When in 1896 the new shah proclaimed Mozaffar ad-Din Shah (r. 1896-1906) took up residence at Tehran, Amanollah Khan came with the so-called ''Turki''-fraction from Tabriz to Tehran, arose at court to the imperial entourage and was awarded with the title of "Zia' os-Soltan" by the shah. With his marriage to a Qajar princess - a cousin to the shah - Zia' os-Soltan was close related to the Imperial house. The family lived in the 1903 newly electric illuminated Tehran district of ''Cheragh-Bargh'' (lit. "electric light"), at the ''Khiyaban-e Cheragh Bargh'' ("Avenue Electric Light"). Thus, some sources also gave Zia' os-Soltan the sobriquet ''Cheragh-Barghi'' (lit. "Coming from Tcheragh-Bargh"). As a liberal Qajar aristocratic, a man who stood up for the politics and democracy, he was delegate of Tabriz at the first Persian National Council to Tehran, when on 15th of August 1906 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah proclaimed after the Constitutional Revolution (''mashruteh'') reforms and a parliament (''majles''). Zia' os-Soltan became a leader of the constitutional wing (''ejtema'iyun'') ready for democratic reforms. He was also one of those Qajars notables, who supported the constitution against efforts of Mohammad Ali Shah (r. 1906-1909) for returning to absolutism in 1908.〔Ahmad Kasravi: ''Tarikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran'' (History of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran), vol 1, Tehran, 2537 imperial calendar, p. 661.〕 When Mohammad Ali Shah came to power in 1906, he feared that the European powers, especially Britain, could strengthen their influence via the parliament. However, the shah rejected his father's democratic measures and, dissolving the First Majles, reclaimed absolute power. Finally, riots broke out in Tehran and Tabriz against the government and constitutional forces rose up in both cities. On 4th of June 1909 Mohammad Ali Shah, fearing for his personal safety, left Golestan Palace for ''Bagh-e Shah'' (lit. "Royal Garden"), a residence just outside the city and later a village for the aristocracy, where he would be safe under the protection of the Cossack Brigade. When the people protested against his politics, the shah demanded the Cossacks for bombarding the parliament building Baharestan (lit. "Place of Springtime"). Then, a few days later, Zia' os-Soltan was arrested with some other political leaders and Qajar princes, too. He was accused of being involved in a bomb assault against the shah. The only food for each prisoner a day was one round bread and cucumbers. They were denied fresh cold water and thus they were forced to drink the dirty water of a small pool. Each day their guard, a certain Soltan Bagher, would take them out eight by eight in chains, and brought them to the tribunal of interrogators. These men supporting the shah’s autocratic style to rule were Moayyed od-Dowleh (the Governor of Tehran), Prince Moayyed os-Saltaneh, Seyyed Mohsen Sadr ol-Ashraf, Mir Panj Arshad od-Dowleh, Mirza Abdol Motalleb Yazdi (the editor of the royalist ''Adamiyat'' newspaper) and Mirza Ahmad Khan (the writer of the police station). The tribunal was investigating three matters and by means of torture and pressure wanted to get information about: 1) Who had thrown the bomb at the Shah? 2) Who was the founder of the ''anjoman'' (Freemason lodge) in the house of Ali Reza Khan Qajar Amirsoleimani Azod ol-Molk (a Qajar elder and the tribal head or Ilkhan, who became later regent to the young Ahmad Shah, who was suspected in plotting against Mohammad Ali Shah and replacing him with his uncle Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan)? 3) Who was giving rifles to the ''mojaheds''? Other than that they were not interested in the events of the ''Majles'' and the ''Mashruteh''.〔Soltan Ali Mirza Kadjar: "Mohammad Ali Shah: The King and the Man", in: ''Qajar Studies'', 2009, p. 185.〕 In all this they would not spare the prisoners any torture or hurt with regard to some of them in particular, especially the editor of the ''Rouh ol-Qodos'' newspaper, Soltan ol-Olama Khorasani Rouh ol-Qodos, and Zia' os-Soltan. Because these two men were suspected that they had knowledge of the background to the attempt on the shah’s life, they were subjected to severe torture. Every night they would be taken out and tied to stools and beaten severely and though their cries would resonate in the entire ''Bagh-e Shah'', none of those Generals and Ministers present would come to their rescue.〔Ahmad Kasravi: ''Tarikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran'' (History of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran), vol 1, Tehran, 2537 imperial clendar, p. 661〕 Finally before his execution Zia' os-Soltan was released with others accused of being guilty of the attempt on Mohammad Ali Shah’s life, among them Heydar Amoghli, Esmail Ghafghazi, Mirza Mousa Khan Zargar and Reza Azarbeidjani, who had thrown the bomb. This happened when revolutionary troops, backed by the British, moved into Tehran in July 1909, took over the city and could free them. Three days later, Mohammad Ali Shah asked for asylum in the Russian embassy, was forced to abdicate and leave the country. In his place his twelve-year-old son, Soltan Ahmad Shah (r. 1909-1925), was made ruler under the supervision of a regent. Thus, in the next decade Mirza Amanollah Khan Zia' os-Soltan was an political advisor of the young shah's government.〔Mehdi Bamdad, Rejal-e Iran〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Amanollah Khan Zia' os-Soltan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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